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    <title>성돌의 전자노트</title>
    <link>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/</link>
    <description></description>
    <language>ko</language>
    <pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 12:53:41 +0900</pubDate>
    <generator>TISTORY</generator>
    <ttl>100</ttl>
    <managingEditor>성돌</managingEditor>
    <item>
      <title>Gerris를 Windows10에 설치하기</title>
      <link>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/GerrisWindows10</link>
      <description>&lt;hr class=&quot;tx-hr-border-2&quot; style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Gulim, 굴림&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Windows에 엄청난 기능이 추가되었다는 것을 알게되었다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Gulim, 굴림&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Gulim, 굴림&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;바로 리눅스를 Windows10에서 사용할 수 있는 것으로,&amp;nbsp;우분투를 사용할 수 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Gulim, 굴림&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;이를 &lt;b&gt;WSL&lt;/b&gt; (Windows Subsystem for Linux) 이라 한다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Gulim, 굴림&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이는 예전에 잘 되지 않던 가상머신과는 본질적인 차이가 있다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 WSL설치부터 우분투 설치까지 &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.microsoft.com/ko-kr/windows/wsl/install-win10&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 85, 255);&quot;&gt;링크&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;를 &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 85, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;참고&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;하&lt;/span&gt;자.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Gulim, 굴림&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이렇게 우분투를 WIndows에 설치하면 다 좋은데,&lt;br /&gt;GUI기반의 프로그램을 사용할 수 없다는 단점이 존재한다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이게 없다면 gedit이나 gfsview를 사용할 때 완전히 골치아파진다...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;나도 이것 때문에 애를 많이 먹다가 &lt;a href=&quot;http://harryp.tistory.com/731&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 85, 255);&quot;&gt;링크&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;를 따라서 이를 완전히는 아니더라도....&lt;br /&gt;중요한 문제들은 해결할 수 있었다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;꼭 따라서 하도록 하자.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Gulim, 굴림&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;이제는 딱히 어려운 점이 없으며,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;이전에 내가 올려둔 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/GerrisInstallation?category=601875&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 85, 255);&quot;&gt;Gerris설치 방법&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;을 따라서 설치할 수 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>Software/CFD</category>
      <category>Gerris</category>
      <category>Windows Subsystem for Linux</category>
      <category>windows10</category>
      <category>WSL</category>
      <category>설치</category>
      <author>성돌</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://sdolnote.tistory.com/150</guid>
      <comments>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/GerrisWindows10#entry150comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 May 2018 12:47:08 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>변형 텐서(deformation tensor)와 strain tensor에 대한 개념적 설명</title>
      <link>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/Cauchy%E2%80%93GreenDeformationTensor</link>
      <description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;코시-그린 변형 텐서 (Cauchy–Green deformation tensor)에 대해서 알아볼텐데요.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;이 포스팅은 저번에 설명하던 변형 구배 텐서에 이어지는&amp;nbsp;설명&lt;/b&gt;입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;여기에 적힌 내용들을 보기전에 &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/DeformationGradient&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;이전 포스팅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;을 꼭 보고 오세요.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;앞서 말씀드린대로,&lt;br /&gt;우리는 일반적으로 물체의 순수 회전에는 보통 관심을 주지 않습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그래서 사람들은&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;물체의 회전의 정보가 배제된 변형텐서&lt;/b&gt;를 생각했는데요.&lt;br /&gt;(회전텐서의 역행렬이 전치행렬이라는 특성을 사용하여,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;R&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;T&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;•&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;R&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;=&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;R&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;R&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;T&lt;/sup&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이것이 아래의&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;그린 변형 텐서(Green's deformation tensor)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;또는&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;AB&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;,입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/23387B3E570C305111&quot; 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width=&quot;372&quot; height=&quot;125&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 변형 텐서라는 이름이 의미하듯,&amp;nbsp;이 텐서량은 변형에 대한 정보를 담고 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;대표적으로 이전 포스팅에서 설명한 right stretch tensor &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;U&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;는 아래와 같이 &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;의 제곱근입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2118404F570C1E8437&quot; 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width=&quot;78&quot; height=&quot;26&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;근데 행렬의 제곱근을 구하는게 쉽지 않죠?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그렇지만 주응력 방향에서는 행렬이 대각화되기에 제곱근을 쉽게 구할 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;주응력방향에서 &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;U&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;와 &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;를 각각 &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;U*&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;와 &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;C*&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;라 한다면 아래와 같이 쉽게 제곱근을 찾을 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/240BBD4E570C1F5104&quot; 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width=&quot;360&quot; height=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 역학을 할 때 매우 중요한 &lt;b&gt;strain tensor,&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;E&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,가 아래와&lt;b&gt; 라그랑지 관점으로&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;같이&lt;br /&gt;그린 변형 텐서로부터 구해질 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2271F550570C209606&quot; 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width=&quot;114&quot; height=&quot;58&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;E&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;를 &lt;b&gt;Lagrangian strain tensor&lt;/b&gt;라고 하는데, 이는 이 텐서가 초기좌표의 함수이기 때문입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Lagrangian strain tensor를 아래와 같이 &lt;b&gt;변위(displacement)&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,에 의해서 기술됩니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2405DC40570C23EE1B&quot; 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width=&quot;512&quot; height=&quot;122&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;여기서 &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;u&lt;/i&gt;는 mapping함수 f에 의해서 초기좌표로 아래와 같이 기술된 변위&lt;/b&gt;입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/263CA23B570C24501E&quot; 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width=&quot;174&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;지금까지 한 내용을 모두 &lt;b&gt;오일러 관점으로도&lt;/b&gt; 기술할 수 있는데,&lt;br /&gt;이는 좌표평면에 고정된 좌표로 물체의 운동을 기술하는 것 입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그러나 고체역학에서는 물체가 변형 후 더 이상 움직이지 않으므로,&lt;br /&gt;좌표 평면에 고정된 좌표를 변형된 좌표와 동일하게 취급합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;다시 말해, 이 경우에&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;좌표 평면에 고정된 오일러 좌표와 변형 후 좌표 &lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;를 동일시&lt;/b&gt; 하겠습니다.&lt;br /&gt;어짜피 물체는 더 이상 움직이지 않으니까요.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;먼저 변형 텐서를&amp;nbsp;오일러 좌표로 기술할 수 있고,&lt;br /&gt;이를 &lt;b&gt;코시 변형 텐서(Cauchy deformation tensor)&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,라고 합니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2517A044570C307934&quot; 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width=&quot;418&quot; height=&quot;127&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 이번엔 &lt;b&gt;Eulerian strain tensor&lt;/b&gt;,&lt;b&gt; &lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;,가 아래와 같이 구해집니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/22431643570C30CD3B&quot; 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width=&quot;509&quot; height=&quot;122&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고&lt;b&gt; 보통&lt;/b&gt; 고체역학에서 작은 변형만을 다루기에&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;변위의 구배가 곱해진 마지막 항은 대부분 그 값이 상대적으로 작습니다&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;즉, strain tensor에서 마지막 항들을 없애버리면&lt;br /&gt;위 식의 비선형 항이 없어지게 되고 선형항만 남게 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;즉, 식이 선형화된 것이죠.&lt;br /&gt;이와같이 선형화된&amp;nbsp;Lagragian strain tensor는 아래와 같습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/24749650570C33332D&quot; 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%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%20%7D%20%20%5Cright%29%20%5E%7B%20T%20%7D%20%5Cright%5D%20%5C%5C%20%uCCA8%uC790%uBA85%uBA85%uBC95%uC73C%uB85C%5Cqquad%20E_%7B%20AB%20%7D%5Capprox%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%201%20%7D%7B%202%20%7D%20%5Cleft%28%20u_%7B%20A%2CB%20%7D+u_%7B%20B%2CA%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;384&quot; height=&quot;122&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;마찬가지로 Eulerian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;strain tensor는 아래와 같습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/24135347570C337B04&quot; 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width=&quot;383&quot; height=&quot;122&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>Study/General mechanics</category>
      <category>Cauchy deformation tensor</category>
      <category>displacement</category>
      <category>Eulerian strain tensor</category>
      <category>Green's deformation tensor</category>
      <category>Lagrangian strain tensor</category>
      <category>right stretch tensor</category>
      <category>그린 변형 텐서</category>
      <category>라그랑지</category>
      <category>변위</category>
      <category>변형 텐서</category>
      <category>선형화</category>
      <category>코시 변형 텐서</category>
      <author>성돌</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://sdolnote.tistory.com/145</guid>
      <comments>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/Cauchy%E2%80%93GreenDeformationTensor#entry145comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Apr 2016 08:30:39 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>변형 구배 텐서(deformation gradient tensor)에 대한 개념적 설명</title>
      <link>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/DeformationGradient</link>
      <description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;여기에서는 변형 구배(deformation gradient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;)에 대해서 다뤄보도록 하겠습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;아래와 같은 물체의 변형에 대해서 고려해봅시다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 400px; width: 400px; height: 287px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/245DB941570BF76817&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F245DB941570BF76817&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;287&quot; filename=&quot;Capture.PNG&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 400px; height: 287px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Mase, G. Thomas, et al.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Continuum mechanics for engineers&lt;/i&gt;. CRC press, 2009.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 변형에 대해서 생각할 때&amp;nbsp;라그랑지 관점으로 논지를 전개해 나갈 것인데,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;이 관점이 익숙치 않은 분들은 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/LagrangianEulerian&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;이전 포스팅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;을 참고하도록 합시다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;여기서&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Î&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;의 기저벡터를 사용하고 있는 &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;X&lt;/i&gt;좌표는 물체의 초기위치&lt;/b&gt;를 기술합니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;그리고&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ê&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;의 기저벡터를 사용하고 있는 &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;좌표는 물체의 변형 후 위치&lt;/b&gt;를 기술합니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;그리고 이전 포스팅에서&amp;nbsp;말한 바와 같이 변형 후 &lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;좌표는 어떤&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;mapping 함수 &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;에 의해서&lt;br /&gt;시간과 변형 전 좌표 &lt;i&gt;X&lt;/i&gt;좌표에 의해서 아래와 같이 기술됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/217C2A46570BFC7A1C&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28x%3Df%28t%2CX%29%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;82&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 보통 고체역학에서는&amp;nbsp;시간에 따른 변화를 다루지 않고,&lt;br /&gt;변형 전과 변형 후만을 비교하지요?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이런 경우에는 아래와 같이 더 단순한 형태로 표기할 수 있을겁니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/230FD340570BFCE81F&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28x%3Df%28X%29%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;70&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 mapping함수 &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;를 시각적으로 설명을 하자면,&lt;br /&gt;위 그림에서 물체위치 P를 p로 옮겨주고 Q를 q를 옮겨주는&amp;nbsp;수학적 함수식이 &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;입니다.&lt;br /&gt;예를 들어 아래와 같이&amp;nbsp;표현할 수 있겠네요.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/236E833E570BFD8C31&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28p%3Df%28P%29%5C%5C%20q%3Df%28Q%29%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;73&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;이렇게&lt;b&gt; 초기 위치를 기준으로 변형 후 위치를 기술하는 방법을&lt;br /&gt;라그랑지 좌표 기술 방법&lt;/b&gt;이라고 합니다. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 한 가지 더 수학적으로 중요한 점을 하나 짚고 가겠습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;물리적으로 mapping함수 &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;는 물체의 위치를 일대일 대응을 시켜주어야 겠죠?&lt;br /&gt;이를 위해서는 아래의 &lt;b&gt;야코비 행렬식(Jacobian determinant)&lt;/b&gt;이 0이 되면 안 된다는 조건이 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2418944F570C1A1831&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%uBCA1%uD130%uC640%5C%3B%20%uD589%uB82C%uD615%uD0DC%uB85C%5Cquad%20J%3D%5Cleft%7C%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28x%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28X%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%7D%20%20%5Cright%7C%20%5Cneq%200%5C%5C%20%uCCA8%uC790%uBA85%uBA85%uBC95%uC73C%uB85C%5Cqquad%20J%3D%5Cleft%7C%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20i%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20X_%7B%20A%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%5Cright%7C%20%5Cneq%200%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;288&quot; height=&quot;124&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;본론으로 돌아와서, 중요한 것은 &lt;b&gt;변형 후&amp;nbsp;위치가 초기 위치의 함수라는 점&lt;/b&gt;입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;즉, 아래와 같이 &lt;b&gt;변형 후 위치를 변형 전 위치로 미분하는 것이 가능&lt;/b&gt;하고,&lt;br /&gt;이를 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;변형 구배 텐서(deformation gradient tensor)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;라고 하고&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;F&lt;/b&gt;, F&lt;sub&gt;iA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;또는 &lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;i,A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;로 표기합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/236E313B570C168D0C&quot; 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width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;124&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;위에서 벡터는 굵은 글씨로 표기하였고,&lt;br /&gt;첨자 &lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;와 &lt;i&gt;A&lt;/i&gt;는 변형 후와 전을 쉽게 구분하기위하여&amp;nbsp;각각 소문자와 대문자로 구분하여 적었습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;i,A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;에서 &lt;b&gt;,이후에 첨자를 적는 것은 미분을 하는 것을 의미&lt;/b&gt;합니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 변형 구배 텐서는 물체의 변형을 이해하는 데 매우 중요합니다.&lt;br /&gt;아래의 연쇄법칙(chain rule)에서 보이듯이&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2627F43F570C110A36&quot; 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width=&quot;499&quot; height=&quot;124&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;변형 전 물체의 미분&amp;nbsp;조각 벡터(&lt;i&gt;dX&lt;/i&gt;)를 변형 후 물체의 미분 조각&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;벡터(&lt;i&gt;dx&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;로 바꿔주는 역할&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;을 하는 것이 변형 구배 텐서의 역할입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;여기서 이 미분 조각이 벡터라고 함은 이 미분 조각이 크기 뿐 아니라 &lt;b&gt;방향에 대한 정보도&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;가지고 있다는 걸 의미합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;아래 그림과 같은 물체의 변형을 생각해봅시다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 400px; width: 400px; height: 352px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/21116940570C07AE28&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F21116940570C07AE28&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;352&quot; filename=&quot;Polar_decomposition_of_F.png&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 400px; height: 352px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;[Image from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_strain_theory&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;변형 구배 텐서 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;F&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;는 위 그림에 보이는 것처럼 물체를 변형 전 모양에서 &lt;br /&gt;변형 후 모습으로&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;바꾸어주는 역할을 합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 이 변형 구배 텐서는 아래의 식에서 보이는 것처럼 분리할(polar decomposition) 수 있는데요.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/245A9841570C119631&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28F%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%3D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28R%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Ccdot%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28U%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%3D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28V%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Ccdot%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28R%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;116&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;여기서 &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;U&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;V&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;R&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;의 물리적 의미는 위 그림에 잘 나타나있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;R&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;은 회전 텐서(&lt;b&gt;rotation tensor&lt;/b&gt;)로써 물체를 순수하게 회전시키는 행렬이고,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;U&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;V&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;는 둘 다 물체가 인장되고 수축되는 것(stretch)과 관련한 &lt;b&gt;stretch tensor&lt;/b&gt;인데&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;U&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;는 그림에서 보이 듯 연산 순서에 따라서 먼저 stretch시키고 나중에 회전시키는 텐서로&lt;br /&gt;식에서의 위치에 의해서 &lt;b&gt;right stretch tensor&lt;/b&gt;라 불리고,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;V&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;는 먼저 회전시키고 나중에 stretch시키는 텐서로 &lt;b&gt;left stretch tensor&lt;/b&gt;라 불립니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그런데 물체의 순수 회전은 물체 내부에 변형이나 파괴를 초래하지 않기에,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;변형의 관점에서 중요한 정보는 &lt;i&gt;U&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;텐서&lt;/b&gt;이고 이 텐서들은&lt;br /&gt;물체가 얼마나 늘어나고 줄어들었는지에 대한 정보를 담고있죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 텐서들의 &lt;b&gt;고유값(eigenvalue)들은 주 응력방향에서 나타난&amp;nbsp;stretch에 대한 정보&lt;/b&gt;를 가지고 있습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/PrincipalStress&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;다른 포스팅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt; 참고)&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;따라서 &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;U&lt;/i&gt;텐서나 &lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;텐서나&lt;/b&gt; 주 응력방향에서의 stretch에 대한 정보는 같을테니&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;서로 고유값이 당연히 동일한 특성&lt;/b&gt;을 가지고 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;물론, 먼저 회전시키고 나중에 회전시키는 차이때문에&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;주 응력이 작용하는&amp;nbsp;면에 대한 정보가 서로 달라서&amp;nbsp;고유벡터(eigenvector)는 서로 다릅니다&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;물론, 물체의 회전이 없었다면 이 고유벡터도 당연히 서로 같겠죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;포스팅이 너무 길어져서,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/Cauchy%E2%80%93GreenDeformationTensor&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/Cauchy%E2%80%93GreenDeformationTensor&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;다음 포스팅&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;에&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;변형 텐서에 대한 내용을 이어서 설명하도록 하겠습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>Study/General mechanics</category>
      <category>contravariant</category>
      <category>deformation gradient</category>
      <category>Jacobian determinant</category>
      <category>left stretch tensor</category>
      <category>right stretch tensor</category>
      <category>rotation tensor</category>
      <category>strech</category>
      <category>stretch ratio</category>
      <category>stretch tensor</category>
      <category>반변적</category>
      <category>변형 구배</category>
      <category>야코비 행렬식</category>
      <category>측량 텐서</category>
      <category>회전 텐서</category>
      <author>성돌</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://sdolnote.tistory.com/144</guid>
      <comments>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/DeformationGradient#entry144comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Apr 2016 06:44:44 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>주 응력이란? (principal stress)</title>
      <link>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/PrincipalStress</link>
      <description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;주 응력(principal stress&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;)에 대해서 이&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;해해보도록 합시다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;응력에 대해서는 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/StressTensor&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;이전 포스팅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;에서 자세하게 설명해 두었습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;응력은 앞서 말한 바와 같이 응력텐서가 대칭이기에&lt;br /&gt;6개의 응력성분으로 아래의 응력텐서로 기술이 될 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2156B94B570ABF3935&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28T%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%3D%5Cleft%28%20%5Cbegin%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Csigma%20_%7B%2011%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20%5Csigma%20_%7B%2012%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20%5Csigma%20_%7B%2013%20%7D%20%5C%5C%20%5Csigma%20_%7B%2012%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20%5Csigma%20_%7B%2022%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20%5Csigma%20_%7B%2032%20%7D%20%5C%5C%20%5Csigma%20_%7B%2013%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20%5Csigma%20_%7B%2023%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20%5Csigma%20_%7B%2033%20%7D%20%5Cend%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;166&quot; height=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그런데 이 응력텐서의 응력성분은 좌표축을 회전시킴에 따라 &lt;br /&gt;무한히&amp;nbsp;바뀔 수밖에 없습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그래서 우리는 무언가 &lt;b&gt;특징적으로 대표적인 응력 성분&lt;/b&gt;을 이 응력텐서로부터&amp;nbsp;구하고 싶은데요.&lt;br /&gt;이게 바로 &lt;b&gt;주 응력(principal stress)&lt;/b&gt;입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;더 쉽게 말해서 &lt;b&gt;최대 수직 응력&lt;/b&gt;을 구하고자 하는 거죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;n&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;방향에 수직인 면에 작용하는 응력벡터는 아래와 같이 구한다고 말씀드렸습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/27754C3C570AC43D11&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28t%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%3D%5Cunderline%20%7B%20n%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%20%5Ccdot%20T%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;69&quot; height=&quot;28&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;여기서&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;n&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;은 단위 방향 벡터입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;일반적인 경우에 이 응력벡터의 방향이&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;n&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;방향과 같을 이유는 없습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;그런데 이 응력벡터의 방향이&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;n&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;방향과 같게되는 경우가 딱 3경우가 아래처럼 존재하게 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 400px; width: 400px; height: 225px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/23774450570AC1202F&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F23774450570AC1202F&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;225&quot; filename=&quot;s11.jpg&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 400px; height: 225px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;[Image from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://manual.midasuser.com/en_tw/civil/791/Start/08_Design/image/s11.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;manual.midasuser.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 경우에는 응력방향의 방향이 면의 수직방향이니,&lt;br /&gt;이는 &lt;b&gt;이 면에는 수직응력만이 존재하고 전단응력은 존재하지 않는다는 것을 의미&lt;/b&gt;합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;즉, &lt;b&gt;수직응력만이 존재하는 면이 3군데 존재&lt;/b&gt;한다고 할 수 있겠군요.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 이런 조건을 아래와 같이 수식으로 표현할 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2476B43C570AC42510&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cunderline%20%7B%20n%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%20%5Ccdot%20T%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%3D%5Csigma%20%5Cunderline%20%7B%20n%20%7D%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;93&quot; height=&quot;28&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위에서&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;는&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;상수입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그런데 위 식에서 &lt;b&gt;응력텐서가 대칭이기에 왼쪽항의 내적순서를 아래와 같이 바꾸어줄 수 있습니다&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/22735935570AC41E18&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28T%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Ccdot%20%5Cunderline%20%7B%20n%20%7D%20%3D%5Csigma%20%5Cunderline%20%7B%20n%20%7D%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;93&quot; height=&quot;28&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이건 indicial notation으로 수식을 바라보면 더 명확해지는데요.&lt;br /&gt;첫번째 식을 indicial notation으로 표현하면 아래와 같이 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2601DB3C570AC4120A&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28n_%7B%20i%20%7DT_%7B%20ij%20%7D%3D%5Csigma%20n_%7B%20j%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;93&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그런데 &lt;b&gt;대칭조건에 의해서 &lt;i&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;ij&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;=&lt;i&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;ji&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;이기에 아래와 같이 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2370A834570AC3D418&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28T_%7B%20ji%20%7Dn_%7B%20i%20%7D%3D%5Csigma%20n_%7B%20j%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;93&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이제 이 문제는 우리가 공업수학에서 배웠던 단순한 &lt;b&gt;고유값문제(eigenvalue problem)&lt;/b&gt;이 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;즉, 이러한 방향&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;n&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;가 존재하기 위해서는 아래의 수식이 성립해야하고,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/225E5648570AC4EB0A&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22false%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28det%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%28%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28T%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28-%5Csigma%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28I%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%29%3D0%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;125&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;배웠듯 이 식을 만족시키는&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;는 3개 존재할 것입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;보통 이 중에서 &lt;b&gt;양의 방향으로 최대값을&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;σ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;이라하고, 최소값을&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;σ&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;이라 합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;물론 아직까지는 양의 방향으로 응력의 최대값이&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;이라고 이야기할 수 없습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;이 양의 숫자 (인장&amp;nbsp;응력)인데&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;이&amp;nbsp;음의 숫자 (압축 응력)인 상황에서&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;의 절대값이&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;보다 클 수도 있는 것이고,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;모어의 응력원&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;을 그림으로 찾을 수 있는 최대 전단응력이&lt;br /&gt;이러한 수직응력들보다 클 수도 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 들에 대해서는 모어의 응력원에 대해서 배우면 더 명확해 질 것입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>Study/General mechanics</category>
      <category>eigenvalue</category>
      <category>principal stress</category>
      <category>고유값문제</category>
      <category>주 응력</category>
      <category>주응력</category>
      <author>성돌</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://sdolnote.tistory.com/143</guid>
      <comments>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/PrincipalStress#entry143comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 2016 06:32:49 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>곡선 좌표계에서 텐서의 변환 법칙에 대한 이해 (transformation law)</title>
      <link>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/GeneralTensor</link>
      <description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/TensorTransformationLawCar&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;저번 포스팅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;에 직교좌표계에서의 좌표변환에 다뤘던 것에서 더 나아가서&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;원기둥이나 구면좌표계와 같은 &lt;b&gt;더 일반적인 곡선 좌표계(curvilinear coordinate system)에서의 &lt;br /&gt;좌표변환&lt;/b&gt;에 대해서 이야기해봅시다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;직교좌표계(Cartesian coordinate system)도 엄밀히 말하자면,&lt;br /&gt;곡선좌표계 중 하나지만 가장 단순한 경우이기에 예외로 둘 수 있을 것입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;원기둥 좌표계와 구면좌표계는&lt;/b&gt; 직교좌표계와는 달리 &lt;b&gt;좌표축이 고정되어 있지않고&amp;nbsp;휘어있죠&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;그러나 &lt;b&gt;여전히 좌표축들끼리 서로 직교(orthogonal)하기에&lt;/b&gt; 아직은 엄청 어려운 좌표계는 아닙니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;저도 제 전공이 아니라, 직교하지 않는 좌표계까지는 지식을 가지고 있지 않습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;아무튼 이러한 직교하는 곡선좌표계의 좌표변환까지만 이해를 잘 해도, &lt;br /&gt;텐서를 이해하는 데에 훨씬 수월해질 것입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;우선 &lt;b&gt;구면좌표계에서 직교좌표계로의 변환&lt;/b&gt;을 생각해봅시다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;아! 하나 먼저 말해둘 것이 있다면,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;곡선좌표계를 다루더라도 직교좌표계로의 변환은 계속 등장할 것&lt;/b&gt; 입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;왜냐면 직교좌표계가 이해하기에 가장 쉽고 기준이 되는 좌표계이기 때문입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;직교좌표계는 구면좌표계를 통해 아래와 같이 기술될 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 202px;  height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/224D553B5709AD2914&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F224D553B5709AD2914&quot; width=&quot;202&quot; height=&quot;202&quot; filename=&quot;Spherical_coordinate.gif&quot; filemime=&quot;image/gif&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[Image from &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A9%B4%EC%A2%8C%ED%91%9C%EA%B3%84#/media/File:Spherical_coordinate.gif&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;wikipe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A9%B4%EC%A2%8C%ED%91%9C%EA%B3%84#/media/File:Spherical_coordinate.gif&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;dia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/225252375709ADE525&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28x%3Dr%5Csin%20%20%5Ctheta%20%5Ccos%20%20%5Cvarphi%20%5C%5C%20y%3Dr%5Csin%20%20%5Ctheta%20%5Csin%20%20%5Cvarphi%20%5C%5C%20z%3Dr%5Ccos%20%20%5Ctheta%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;143&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그런데 이 좌표변환은 선형변환이 아니기에...&lt;br /&gt;앞서 직교좌표계에서 한 것처럼 아래와 같은 행렬 변환은 만들 수 없습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/265E9A3A5709AE762F&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cleft%28%20%5Cbegin%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20x%20%5C%5C%20y%20%5C%5C%20z%20%5Cend%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%3D%5Cleft%28%20%5Cbegin%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%20%26amp%3B%20%20%26amp%3B%20%20%5C%5C%20%20%26amp%3B%20%20%26amp%3B%20%20%5C%5C%20%20%26amp%3B%20%20%26amp%3B%20%20%5Cend%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%5Cleft%28%20%5Cbegin%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20r%20%5C%5C%20%5Ctheta%20%20%5C%5C%20%5Cvarphi%20%20%5Cend%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;238&quot; height=&quot;77&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;대신 아래와 같이 미분량이 되면 가능해집니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/240E17335709AF8B30&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cleft%28%20%5Cbegin%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20dx%20%5C%5C%20dy%20%5C%5C%20dz%20%5Cend%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%3D%5Cleft%28%20%5Cbegin%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Csin%20%20%5Ctheta%20%5Ccos%20%20%5Cvarphi%20%20%26amp%3B%20r%5Ccos%20%20%5Ctheta%20%5Ccos%20%20%5Cvarphi%20%20%26amp%3B%20-r%5Csin%20%20%5Ctheta%20%5Csin%20%20%5Cvarphi%20%20%5C%5C%20%5Csin%20%20%5Ctheta%20%5Csin%20%20%5Cvarphi%20%20%26amp%3B%20r%5Ccos%20%20%5Ctheta%20%5Csin%20%20%5Cvarphi%20%20%26amp%3B%20r%5Csin%20%20%5Ctheta%20%5Ccos%20%20%5Cvarphi%20%20%5C%5C%20%5Ccos%20%20%5Ctheta%20%20%26amp%3B%20-r%5Csin%20%20%5Ctheta%20%20%26amp%3B%200%20%5Cend%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%5Cleft%28%20%5Cbegin%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20dr%20%5C%5C%20d%5Ctheta%20%20%5C%5C%20d%5Cvarphi%20%20%5Cend%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;526&quot; height=&quot;77&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;즉, &lt;b&gt;미분량에 대해 아래와 같이 좌표변환을 정의할 수 있습니다&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/235F0836570A89C42F&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28d%28x%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%29%5Cprime%20%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20%28x%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%29%5Cprime%20%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x%5E%7B%20j%20%7D%20%7D%20dx%5E%7B%20j%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;168&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 직교좌표계에서 성립했었던 특성 중 하나는&lt;br /&gt;아래와 같이 더이상 성립하지 않게 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2275C133570A89DF28&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20%28x%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%29%5Cprime%20%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x%5E%7B%20j%20%7D%20%7D%20%5Cneq%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x%5E%7B%20j%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20%28x%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%29%5Cprime%20%20%7D%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;162&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 &lt;b&gt;더 이상 좌표변환행렬은 단순한&amp;nbsp;회전행렬이&amp;nbsp;아니게 됩니다&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;반변(contravariant)과 공변(covariant)변환에 대한 자세한 설명은&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/CovariantBasisContravariantBasis&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;다른 포스팅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;을 참고하시구요.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이런 곡선좌표계에서 반변 벡터 성분의 반변적&amp;nbsp;변환은 아래와 같습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2568CC3C570A8BA60F&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%28V%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%29%5Cprime%20%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20%28x%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%29%5Cprime%20%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x%5E%7B%20j%20%7D%20%7D%20V%5E%7B%20j%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;151&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이번엔 공변 벡터 성분은 아래와 같이 공변적으로 변환합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/24433641570A8BE904&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28V_%7B%20i%20%7D%5Cprime%20%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x%5E%7B%20j%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20%28x%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%29%5Cprime%20%20%7D%20V_%7B%20j%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;136&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;앞 서 반변과 공변 변환을 설명한 &lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/CovariantBasisContravariantBasis&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;포스팅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;에서 이미 많은 걸 설명해버렸기에&lt;br /&gt;여기서는 특별히 더 이상 설명할 것이 없네요...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;암튼, 직교좌표계와 곡선좌표계의 차이를 잘 알아두시는 것이&lt;br /&gt;중요하리라 생각됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>Study/Tensor analysis</category>
      <category>Coordinate</category>
      <category>curvilinear</category>
      <category>Tensor</category>
      <category>transformation</category>
      <category>구면좌표계</category>
      <category>원기둥</category>
      <category>일반적인</category>
      <category>좌표변환</category>
      <author>성돌</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://sdolnote.tistory.com/142</guid>
      <comments>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/GeneralTensor#entry142comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 2016 02:24:34 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>공변(covariant)와 반변(contravariant) 변환에 대한 이해</title>
      <link>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/CovariantBasisContravariantBasis</link>
      <description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;공변(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;covariant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;)과 반변(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;contravariant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;)에 대한 논의가 되면 상당히 이해하기 어려운 글들이 많습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;여기서는 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;최대한 이해하기 쉽게 설명해보도록 노력&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;해보도록 하겠습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;벡터를 직교 좌표계가 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;(Cartesian coordinate)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;아닌 &lt;br /&gt;새로운 임의의 좌표계에서 표현할 필요가 있다고 합시다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;직교좌표계에서는 공변성분과 반변성분이 같기에 논의할 필요자체가 없어지기 때문입니다&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;예를 들어 아래의 비스듬한 좌표계를 고려해보죠.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 180px; width: 180px; height: 170px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/241DC64954BEC57428&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F241DC64954BEC57428&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; height=&quot;170&quot; filename=&quot;Untitled.png&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 180px; height: 170px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;이 좌표계에서의&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;좌표축 방향인&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 1.5; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;과&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 1.5; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;를 이용해서 벡터를 표현하는 방법&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;은&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;아래 그림과 같이 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Gungsuh, 궁서;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;평행사변형을 만드는 방법밖에&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt; 없겠죠.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 176px; width: 176px; height: 170px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2611DA4A54BEC67329&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F2611DA4A54BEC67329&quot; width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;170&quot; filename=&quot;Untitled.png&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 176px; height: 170px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;자,&amp;nbsp;기저 벡터들을 자세히&amp;nbsp;살펴보시죠,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 24px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; line-height: 24px; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;와&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 24px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;를 보세요&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;이 기저벡터들은 좌표축의 방향으로 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그래서 &lt;b&gt;이 기저들을 &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;tangent basis vector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;라고 부르도록 하겠습니다.&lt;br /&gt;그래서 이 tangent basis vector들에 대해서 첨자의 위치가 &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;밑첨자&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;임을 주목해주세요.&lt;br /&gt;그리고 우리가 일반적으로 basis vector라고 부를 땐,&lt;br /&gt;이 녀석을 지칭하는 것입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;공변과 반변에 대한 논의에서 &lt;b&gt;밑첨자는 이것이 좌표변환을 할 때&lt;br /&gt;공변적으로(covariantly) 변환된다는 것을 의미&lt;/b&gt;합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그렇다면 좌표변환을 한번 해보죠.&lt;br /&gt;가장 쉬운 좌표계인 직교좌표계에서 지금 다루는 비스듬한 좌표계로 좌표변환을 하는 경우를 생각해봅시다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;아래의 (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; line-height: 24px; font-size:12pt;&quot;&gt;)의 직교좌표계를 생각해봅시다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 178px; width: 178px; height: 190px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/274C1A4954BEC91201&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F274C1A4954BEC91201&quot; width=&quot;178&quot; height=&quot;190&quot; filename=&quot;Untitled.png&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 178px; height: 190px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;그리고 이 직교좌표축으로 평행한 tangent basis vector들을&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;font-style: normal; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); font-size: 10pt; line-height: 18.2px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;ε&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 24px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;와&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;font-style: normal; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); font-size: 10pt; line-height: 18.2px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;ε&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 24px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;라고 합시다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 때 이 직교좌표계에서 비스듬한 좌표계로&amp;nbsp;tangent&amp;nbsp;기저벡터의 변환은&lt;br /&gt;아래와 같이 수식으로 표현됩니다.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/251970335437424719&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cunderline%20%7B%20e%20%7D%20_%7B%20i%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20Z%5E%7B%20k%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20X%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%20%7D%20%5Cunderline%20%7B%20%5Cvarepsilon%20%20%7D%20_%7B%20k%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A12%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;108&quot; height=&quot;53&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; height: auto; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;여기서 &lt;b&gt;한 가지 유용한&amp;nbsp;팁&lt;/b&gt;을 드리자면,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;좌표변환행렬인&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;에서 새로운 좌표계인 &lt;i&gt;X&lt;/i&gt;가 분모에 위치한 점을 주목&lt;/b&gt;해주세요.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;아까 tangent 기저벡터의 밑첨자는 이것이 공변적으로 변화한다는 걸 의미한다고 말씀드렸죠?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;이렇게 분모에 새로운 좌표계를 넣는&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;좌표변환행렬을 곱해서 새로운 좌표시스템으로 &lt;br /&gt;변환하는 것을&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;공변적으로 변환&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;(covariant transformation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;한다고 합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;자, 이번엔 벡터 성분들인&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; line-height: 24px; font-size:12pt;&quot;&gt;과&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;를 보세요.&lt;br /&gt;첨자가 위에 있죠?&lt;br /&gt;이 윗첨자는 이 것들이 반변적으로 변환한다는 것을 의미합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;)의 직교좌표계에서&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;)의 비스듬한 좌표계의&lt;br /&gt;벡터성분의 변환은 아래와 같습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/224A1236570A78970F&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cunderline%20%7B%20X%20%7D%20%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20X%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20Z%5E%7B%20k%20%7D%20%7D%20%5Cunderline%20%7B%20Z%20%7D%20%5E%7B%20k%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;126&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;이번엔 &lt;b&gt;좌표변환행렬(&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;)에서&amp;nbsp;새로운&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;좌표계인&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;가 분자에 위치&lt;/b&gt;했죠?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;이런 좌표변환을 사용해서 새로운 좌표시스템으로 변환하는 것을&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;반변적 변환&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;(contravariant transformation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;이라고 합니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;반변적이라고 하는 것은 반대로 변한다고 하는 의미&lt;/b&gt;인데,&lt;br /&gt;이 벡터 성분이 아까 말씀드렸던 &lt;b&gt;tangent 기저벡터가 변하는 방법&lt;/b&gt;과 반대로 변환하기에&lt;br /&gt;이런 이름을 붙인 겁니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;tangent 기저벡터가 변하는 방법과 &lt;b&gt;같은 방법으로 변환하는 것을&lt;br /&gt;공변 변환&lt;/b&gt;이라고 합니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;지금까지 좌표축의 방향을 따르는 반변벡터성분과 tangent 기저를 이야기했습니다.&lt;br /&gt;그렇다면 이제 아래와 같은 새로운 좌표계를 떠올려봅시다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 200px; width: 200px; height: 285px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2719384B570A7F7E05&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F2719384B570A7F7E05&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;285&quot; filename=&quot;Untitled.png&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px; height: 285px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; line-height: 24px; font-size:12pt;&quot;&gt;왜 이런 이상한 좌표계를 떠올려야 하냐구요?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;이 좌표계와 우리의 원래 좌표계가 합쳐져서 물리학에서 불변량을 정의할 수 있기 때문입니다.&lt;br /&gt;이것에 대한 자세한 이야기는 여기서 생략하죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;암튼,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;위의 새로운 좌표계의&amp;nbsp;특성을 살펴보시죠.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;먼저,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;coordinate line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Gungsuh, 궁서; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;또는&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;coordinate surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;란 말을 이해&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;하여야 하는데요.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;이는 좌표값이 동일한&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;line&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;차원에선) 또는&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;surface&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;차원)를 말합니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;이게 헷갈리기에 잘 생각해보죠.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;그렇다면,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Gungsuh, 궁서;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;위 그림에서 원래 좌표계인&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;X&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-size: 12pt; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;coordinate line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;은&lt;/span&gt; 어디일까요?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-size: 12pt; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;가장 이해하기 쉬운&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;X&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-size: 12pt; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;coordinate line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;은&lt;/span&gt; 바로&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;X&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;또는&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 24px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;축 일 겁니&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 24px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;축을 통해선&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;X&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;좌표값이 항상&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;임을 생각하면 이해할 수 있을 겁니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-size: 12pt; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;이제 새로운 좌표계의 특성을 정의할 수 있습니&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Gungsuh, 궁서; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;번째 새로운 좌표축은&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;j&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;번째 원래 좌표축의&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 1.5;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;coordinate line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Gungsuh, 궁서; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;또는&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Gungsuh, 궁서; font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;coordinate surface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;에 수직한 방향입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;예를 들어, 새로운 좌표축의&amp;nbsp;기저벡터&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;는&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;X&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-size: 12pt; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;coordinate line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;에 수직한 방향으로 정의되어 있죠.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 &lt;b&gt;직교좌표계에서는 이런 원래 좌표계와 새로운 좌표계가&amp;nbsp;똑같다&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;는 것을 위 그림으로부터 쉽게 상상할 수 있을 겁니다.&lt;br /&gt;따라서 직교 좌표계에서는 공변과 반변이 같습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 새로운 좌표계에서 기저벡터는&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; line-height: 24px; font-size:12pt;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;와 같이 윗첨자를 사용&lt;/b&gt;하는데,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;이 벡터들을 원래 좌표계에 대해서 &lt;b&gt;dual basis&lt;/b&gt;라고 부릅니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 윗첨자를 사용하기에 dual&amp;nbsp;기저들 사이의 변환에서 반변적으로 변환합니다.&lt;br /&gt;직교좌표계에서는 dual&amp;nbsp;기저나 tangent 기저나 같다고 말씀드렸죠?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;즉, &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;font-style: normal; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); font-size: 10pt; line-height: 18.2px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;ε&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 24px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;font-style: normal; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); font-size: 10pt; line-height: 18.2px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;ε&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; line-height: 24px; font-size:12pt;&quot;&gt;입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;직교 좌표계의 dual 기저에서 비스듬한 좌표계의&amp;nbsp;dual기저로 &lt;br /&gt;(반변적으로) 변환하는 공식은 아래와 같습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2259A844570A7D4A05&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cunderline%20%7B%20e%20%7D%20%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20X%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20Z%5E%7B%20k%20%7D%20%7D%20%5Cunderline%20%7B%20%5Cvarepsilon%20%20%7D%20%5E%7B%20k%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;125&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이에 상응하는 벡터성분은 원래의 좌표계의 tangent&amp;nbsp;기저의 변환과 같은 방식으로&lt;br /&gt;아래와 같이 변환하기에 공변적 변환을 하게 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/210B2C48570A7E052D&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cunderline%20%7B%20X%20%7D%20_%7B%20i%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20Z%5E%7B%20k%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20X%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%20%7D%20%5Cunderline%20%7B%20Z%20%7D%20_%7B%20k%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;126&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;참, &lt;b&gt;좌표변환행렬을 적을 때는 항상 반변 좌표(윗첨자)을 사용한다는 점 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;역시 기억해두시면 좋을 듯&amp;nbsp;합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그치만, 직교좌표계의 경우에는 밑첨자나 윗첨자나 같기에&lt;br /&gt;지수와 헷갈릴 수 있는 윗첨자보다는 밑첨자를 사용하는 경우가 많습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;아까 tangent 기저의 원래의 좌표계와 dual 기저의 좌표계는 독특한 관계를 가지고&lt;br /&gt;불변량을 형성한다고 말씀드렸는데,&lt;br /&gt;한 가지 가장 쉬운 예를 하나 드려보겠습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 2가지 기저들은&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; font-size: 12pt; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Gungsuh, 궁서; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;서로 대응하는 기저가 아닐 때&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman';&quot;&gt;i&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;≠&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;j&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Gungsuh, 궁서; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;서로 직교&lt;/b&gt;할 수 밖에 없습니다&lt;b&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2729A4415437481907&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cunderline%20%7B%20e%20%7D%20%5E%7B%20i%20%7D%5Ccdot%20%5Cunderline%20%7B%20e%20%7D%20_%7B%20j%20%7D%3D0%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A12%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;81&quot; height=&quot;28&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 1.5; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, 돋움, Dotum, AppleGothic, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; height: auto; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-size:12pt; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;i&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 24px; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;≠&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;j&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;아래는 위키백과에 있는 그림인데,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;여태까지 한 설명을 토대로 왜 왼쪽이 tangent 기저벡터이고 &lt;br /&gt;오른쪽이 dual 기저벡터인지 이해해보면 좋은 연습이 될 것 입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 300px; width: 300px; height: 167px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/230876465437508911&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F230876465437508911&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;167&quot; filename=&quot;800px-Vector_1-form.svg.png&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 300px; height: 167px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;[Image from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contravariance_of_vectors&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255); font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contravariance_of_vectors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>Study/Tensor analysis</category>
      <category>basis</category>
      <category>contravariant</category>
      <category>coordinate line</category>
      <category>coordinate surface</category>
      <category>covariant</category>
      <category>tangent basis vector</category>
      <category>Tensor</category>
      <category>transform</category>
      <category>공변</category>
      <category>기저</category>
      <category>반변</category>
      <category>변환</category>
      <category>텐서</category>
      <author>성돌</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://sdolnote.tistory.com/31</guid>
      <comments>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/CovariantBasisContravariantBasis#entry31comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 2016 01:57:44 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>직교좌표계에서 텐서의 좌표변환 법칙에 대한 이해 (transformation law)</title>
      <link>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/TensorTransformationLawCar</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;텐서의 좌표변환 법칙에 이야기해보도록 하겠습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;이 부분은 텐서를 이해하는 데 있어서 가장 기본이 되고 중요&lt;/b&gt;합니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;그리고 사실 이 부분만 제대로 이해하면 텐서라는 개념이 훨씬 쉬워집니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;우선 &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/WhatisTensor&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;앞 서 이야기한 바&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;와&amp;nbsp;같이 텐서라는 것은&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;어떤 좌표변환을 하더라도 그 특성이 변하지 않는 것을 텐서&lt;/b&gt;라고 합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 말을 풀어서 설명하면,&lt;br /&gt;직교좌표계에서 현상을 기술하던 원기둥좌표계로 좌표변환을 해서 현상을 기술하던&lt;br /&gt;같은 결과가 나와야 한다는 것입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;너무 당연한 말이지요.&lt;br /&gt;이렇게 너무나 당연한 물리량을 우리는 텐서량이라고 합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;텐서의 기본이 좌표변환이기에&lt;br /&gt;우리는 이 좌표변환을 잘 이해해야만 앞으로 텐서를 잘 이해할 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;우선 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;직교좌표계(Cartesian coordinate system)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;에 대해서만 살펴봅시다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;이 좌표계는 가장 쉬운 좌표계이기에&lt;br /&gt;처음 텐서를 배울 때 이 좌표계에서 성립하는 텐서 법칙을 먼저 배웁니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;직교좌표계내에서의 좌표변환은 대부분 아래와 같은 회전변환&lt;/b&gt;입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 450px; width: 450px; height: 234px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/240D534D570985EF11&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F240D534D570985EF11&quot; width=&quot;450&quot; height=&quot;234&quot; filename=&quot;Untitled.png&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 450px; height: 234px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[Image from &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_stress_tensor&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위의 그림은 왼쪽의 &lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;의 unprime좌표계에서&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;',&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;',&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;'의 prime이 있는 좌표계로 변환하는 것을 보여줍니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 이런 좌표변환은&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;아래와 같이 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;좌표변환행렬&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;을 이용하면 된다는 것을 알고 있을 겁니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/270FCE34570987E438&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cleft%28%20%5Cbegin%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20x_%7B%201%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%5C%5C%20x_%7B%202%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%5C%5C%20x_%7B%203%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%5Cend%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%3D%5Cleft%28%20%5Cbegin%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20a_%7B%2011%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20a_%7B%2012%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20a_%7B%2013%20%7D%20%5C%5C%20a_%7B%2021%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20a_%7B%2022%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20a_%7B%2023%20%7D%20%5C%5C%20a_%7B%2031%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20a_%7B%2032%20%7D%20%26amp%3B%20a_%7B%2033%20%7D%20%5Cend%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%5Cleft%28%20%5Cbegin%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20x_%7B%201%20%7D%20%5C%5C%20x_%7B%202%20%7D%20%5C%5C%20x_%7B%203%20%7D%20%5Cend%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;263&quot; height=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위의 &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;31&lt;/sub&gt;같은 것들은 위 그림에서 보이는 것처럼 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;방향 코싸인(direction cosine)&lt;/b&gt;이라고 불리는 것 들입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위의 &lt;b&gt;식을 첨자 명명법(indicial notation)을 따라 표기하면&lt;/b&gt; 아래와 같이 compact하게 표기됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/253FB837570988AC1B&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28x_%7B%20i%20%7D%5Cprime%20%3Da_%7B%20ij%20%7Dx_%7B%20j%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;82&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그런데 위의&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;를 우리는&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;좌표축과&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;좌표축 사이의 각도의 코싸인값이라고 부르는 데요.&lt;br /&gt;사실 우리가 이후에 &lt;b&gt;일반적인 좌표계에서의 좌표변환을&amp;nbsp;이해하기 위해서는&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;이를 아래와 같이 이해해야 합니다.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/242C5937570989A028&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28a_%7B%2012%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%201%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;104&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위 식은 너무 당연한 것이 위 행렬식에서 1번째 열이 아래와 같기에 때문입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/222C7337570989EB29&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28x_%7B%201%20%7D%5Cprime%20%3Da_%7B%2011%20%7Dx_%7B%201%20%7D+a_%7B%2012%20%7Dx_%7B%202%20%7D+a_%7B%2013%20%7Dx_%7B%203%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;204&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위식을&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;에 대해서 미분하면 당연히&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;가 튀어나오겠죠.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이를 이용해서, 위의 회전변환을 아래와 같이 표현할 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/235F483957098A7903&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28x_%7B%20i%20%7D%5Cprime%20%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20i%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20j%20%7D%20%7D%20x_%7B%20j%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;118&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;여기서&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;'/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;이&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;좌표변환행렬입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;좌표변환행렬이 위처럼 방향코싸인들의 행렬일 경우는&lt;br /&gt;직교좌표계에서 회전변환일 경우에 국한&lt;/b&gt;됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;일반적인 좌표변환의 경우에는&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;'/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;∂&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;j&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;로 적어주어야 일반적인 기술입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;한 가지 팁을 더 알려드리자면, 직교좌표계의 회전변환의 경우에 아래의 식이 성립하죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2608463E57098C7305&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28a_%7B%20ij%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20i%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20j%20%7D%20%7D%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;95&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;직교좌표계의 회전변환일 경우에는 아래의 식이 추가적으로 더 성립합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2353893F57098CAC37&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28a_%7B%20ij%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20j%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20i%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%7D%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;95&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;위 식은 일반적으로 성립하는 식이 아닙니다만&lt;/b&gt;,&lt;br /&gt;직교좌표계간의 회전변환일 경우에는 좌표축 사이의 각도가 같을 수 밖에 없기에&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;이 식도 성립하게 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이를 다르게 설명하자면,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;직교좌표계에서는 tangent 기저와&amp;nbsp;dual&amp;nbsp;기저가 같기에 이런 특성이 나타납니다&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/CovariantBasisContravariantBasis&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;다른 포스팅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt; 참고)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;의 prime좌표계에서&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;j&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;의 unprime좌표계로 보내는 좌표변환은 아래와 같습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2217DC3D57099F8706&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28x_%7B%20j%20%7D%3Da_%7B%20ij%20%7Dx_%7B%20i%20%7D%5Cprime%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;81&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;여기서 보통&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;위의&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;ij&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;에서 2번째 index는 일반적으로 unprime 좌표계를 지시합니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 이 좌표변환을&amp;nbsp;아래와 같이 나타낼 수도 있죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/224BD5385709A0E71B&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28x_%7B%20j%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20j%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20i%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%7D%20x_%7B%20i%20%7D%5Cprime%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;117&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;지금까지 좌표변환을 할 때&amp;nbsp;좌표변환행렬을 한번만 곱해주었는데,&lt;br /&gt;이것은 1차텐서(벡터)인 경우에 그렇습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;2차텐서는 2번 곱해주어야 하고,&lt;br /&gt;3차텐서는 3번 곱해주어야 합니다.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2차텐서의 직교좌표계 내에서 좌표변환은 아래와 같습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/234BA44A5709A25E25&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28T_%7B%20ij%20%7D%5Cprime%20%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20i%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20p%20%7D%20%7D%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20j%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20q%20%7D%20%7D%20T_%7B%20pq%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;184&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;또는&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/211943485709A29C30&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28T_%7B%20ij%20%7D%5Cprime%20%3Da_%7B%20ip%20%7Da_%7B%20jq%20%7DT_%7B%20pq%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;120&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;반대쪽 방향의 변환은 아래와 같습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/257F32505709A47126&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28T_%7B%20pq%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20p%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20i%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%7D%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20q%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20j%20%7D%5Cprime%20%20%7D%20T_%7B%20ij%20%7D%5Cprime%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;184&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;또는&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/215D69405709A49903&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28T_%7B%20pq%20%7D%3Da_%7B%20ip%20%7Da_%7B%20jq%20%7DT_%7B%20ij%20%7D%5Cprime%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;120&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 포스팅에서는 별로 중요치 않았기에 언급하지 않았지만,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;회전행렬&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;ij&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;는&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;orthogonal한 특성 때문에 역행렬이 전치행렬인&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;ji&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;와 동일&lt;/b&gt;합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이도 매우 중요한 내용입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;다음 포스팅에서는 일반적인 좌표계에서의 좌표변환을 다루도록 하겠습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>Study/Tensor analysis</category>
      <category>Cartesian coordinate system</category>
      <category>Tensor</category>
      <category>transformation</category>
      <category>좌표변환</category>
      <category>직교좌표계</category>
      <category>텐서</category>
      <author>성돌</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://sdolnote.tistory.com/141</guid>
      <comments>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/TensorTransformationLawCar#entry141comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Sun, 10 Apr 2016 10:01:33 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>연속체 역학에 대한 개념적인 소개 (고체역학과 유체역학의 차이)</title>
      <link>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/ContinuumMechanics</link>
      <description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;이 글에서는 연속체 역학(continuum mechanics)에서 무얼 배우는 지 &lt;br /&gt;개념적으로 살펴보도록 하겠습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;많은 사람들이 &lt;b&gt;연속체 역학은 고체역학과 유체역학을 합쳐둔 것&lt;/b&gt;이라 말하는데,&lt;br /&gt;이는 상당히 괜찮은 설명이라 생각합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;다만 고체역학과 유체역학이 특정한&amp;nbsp;공학적인 상황들에 대해 &lt;br /&gt;이론적인&amp;nbsp;문제 해결 지식을 제공해주는 것에 대한 반면,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;연속체역학은 좀 더 근원적으로&lt;br /&gt;왜 이런 이론적인 식이 있고 그 의미에 대해서 설명해주는 과목&lt;/b&gt;입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;따라서 고체역학과 유체역학에 대해 더 폭넓은 개념적인 이해를 가지고자 한다면,&lt;br /&gt;연속체 역학은 필수 과목일 것 입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 200px; width: 200px; height: 300px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2128704E57092DA212&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F2128704E57092DA212&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; filename=&quot;9781420085389.jpg&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px; height: 300px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위 책은 제가 공부한 책인데,&amp;nbsp;추천할 만큼 잘 쓰여있는 책입니다.&lt;br /&gt;더 자세히 공부하고자 하신다면, 참고하셔도 좋을 듯 합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: url(//i1.daumcdn.net/deco/contents/horizontalrule/line03.gif?v=2) repeat-x scroll left;  width: 99%; height: 15px&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;border: black 0 none; left: -9999px; position: relative; top: -9999px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;일단 연속체라는 말부터 가볍게 이야기해보죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;물질은 원자나 분자라는 분리된 입자들의 합&lt;/b&gt;으로 이어져 있죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;우리 눈에는 책상이나 물이나 다 연속적으로 입자들이 이어진 것처럼 보이지만,&lt;br /&gt;사실 이러한 입자들 사이에는 빈 공간이 이어져 있고 엄밀한 의미에서는 불연속인 것 입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그렇지만 우리가 일상생활을 하는 수준의 크기...&lt;br /&gt;즉 mm정도의 크기나 그 보다 좀 작은 수준의 크기에서는 고체나 액체를 연속적인 물체로 간주할 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 정도 수준에서는 불연속적인 입자들의 연결들의 특성이 그다지 중요하게 작용하지 않기 때문이죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그렇다면, 연속적이라고 간주한다는 건 무슨 말일까요?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;그건 바로, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;수학적으로 연속이라 간주한다는 것&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; 입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;가장 대표적인 예가 미분량인 dx, dy, dz같은 것들일 겁니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;불연속적인 물질의 특성을 생각한다면,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;이렇게 작은 물리량은 당연히 이런 불연속적인 물질의 특성을 반영해야만 합니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;그러나 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;연속체 역학에서는 이런 미분량에서도 불연속적인 특성이 나타나지 않고&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;큰 사이즈에서 보여주었던 물질의 연속적인 특성을 그대로 유지하고 있다는 것을 가정&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;하고 있습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;그리고 연속적인 물체에 대해 가장 기본적인 역학 공식은&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;아래와 같은 뉴튼의 제 2법칙입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2614953D5727A07920&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5CSigma%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28F%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%3Dm%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28a%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;78&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;정리하자면,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;물질을 연속적인 물체라 가정하고 거기에 뉴튼의 제 2법칙과 같은 기본 역학 법칙을 적용하여&lt;br /&gt;우리에게 필요한 유용한 정보를 해석하는 것이 연속체 역학&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;이라 할 수 있겠습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;위 식에서 굵은 글씨는&amp;nbsp;벡터량을 의미하고,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;∑&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;F&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;는 작용하는 힘이 하나가 아니라 여러 가지 일수 있고&lt;br /&gt;이를 더해준 값임을 의미합니다.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: url(//i1.daumcdn.net/deco/contents/horizontalrule/line03.gif?v=2) repeat-x scroll left;  width: 99%; height: 15px&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;border: black 0 none; left: -9999px; position: relative; top: -9999px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;연속체 역학에서는 &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/StressTensor&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;응력&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;에 대해서 보다 심층적으로 다루게되고,&lt;br /&gt;이 응력과.... 다른 물리량들이 &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/WhatisTensor&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;텐서량&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;이기 때문에&lt;br /&gt;텐서에 대해서도 소소하게 다루게 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;제가 이 블로그에 여러번 소개한 바와 같이&lt;br /&gt;저는 응력을 measure of force intensity라고 표현한 말을 상당히 좋아합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;물체에 힘이 가해지면,&lt;br /&gt;물체내부에 힘이 분포되는데 이를 응력이라는 개념으로 표현한 것이죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 응력은 단위 면적당 힘의 단위를 가지고 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;우리는 &lt;b&gt;뉴튼의 제 2법칙을 물체 내부에 대해 적분해 준 형태&lt;/b&gt;로 아래와 같이 적을 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/23551A3A570924D806&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cint%20_%7B%20S%20%7D%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28t_%7B%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28n%20%7DdS+%5Cint%20_%7B%20%5Cforall%20%20%7D%20%5Crho%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28b%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28d%5Cforall%20%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20d%20%7D%7B%20dt%20%7D%20%5Cint%20_%7B%20%5Cforall%20%20%7D%20%5Crho%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28v%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28D%5Cforall%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;290&quot; height=&quot;58&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위 식에서 &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;t&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;는 응력벡터를 의미하고 밑첨자인&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;은&amp;nbsp;단위 방향 벡터를 의미합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/StressTensor&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;다른 포스팅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;에서 설명한 바와 같이&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;t&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;는 &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;방향을 법선벡터로 가지는 면에 작용하는 응력벡터를 의미하죠.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위의 면적분은 물체의 표면 &lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;에 대해서 이 응력벡터를 면적분해준 걸 의미합니다.&lt;br /&gt;(응력은 표면힘의 일종이니.. 면적분을 해주어야 함...)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;두번째 항은 단위 질량당 체적힘인 &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;를 밀도에 곱해주고, 체적&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;∀&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;에 대해서 체적 적분을 해준 것이고요.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;오른쪽 항은 속도 벡터 &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;v&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;에 대해서 체적적분을 해주고 시간에 대해 미분을 해준 것이니 가속도를 의미합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;즉,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;뉴튼의 제 2법칙에 따라서 보면&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;왼쪽에 있는 항들이&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;∑&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;F&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;이고 오른쪽에 있는 항이 &lt;i&gt;m&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;이겠네요.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위 식이 일반적인 식입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그런데 고체역학에서는 물체의 움직임이 없죠?&lt;br /&gt;그래서 &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;고체역학&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;에서는 아래의 식을 풀게 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/211CC4455709264017&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cint%20_%7B%20S%20%7D%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28t_%7B%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28n%20%7DdS+%5Cint%20_%7B%20%5Cforall%20%20%7D%20%5Crho%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28b%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28d%5Cforall%20%3D0%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;187&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 고체역학에서 유명한 아래와 같은&amp;nbsp;구성방정식(constitutive equation)에&lt;br /&gt;의해서 응력은 변형률로 표현될 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/275E084D57092BC41B&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%uC751%uB825%3D%uD0C4%uC131%uACC4%uC218%5Ctimes%20%uBCC0%uD615%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위 식에서 변형은 고체역학에서 strain을 의미합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;즉, &lt;b&gt;응력을 운동방정식으로 부터 알아내고,&lt;br /&gt;구성방정식에 의해서 물체의 변형에 대해서 해석해내는 것이&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;고체역학&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;이라고 할 수 있겠네요.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;물론, 위 식은 응력과 변형과의 관계가 선형인 (linear) 경우에 대해서만,&lt;br /&gt;다른 말로 하면 변형이 작은 경우에 대해서만,&amp;nbsp;성립하는 방정식이죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;하지만 많은 경우에 이런 선형 가정이 성립하기 때문에 매우 유용하게 사용되는 구성방정식입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위에서 탄성계수라 함은 우리가 일반적으로 아는 영률(Young's modulus)입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그렇지만, 우리가 쉽게 하나의 상수라 생각하는 영률은 매우 간단한 경우에 국한된 것이고,&lt;br /&gt;일반적이고 정확한 의미에서 이 영률은 4차 텐서입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 응력과 변형(strain)은 모두 2차 텐서이죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;선형 탄성학(linear elasticity)을 배우면 이에 대해서 좀 더 심층적으로 배우게 될 겁니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이번에는 &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;유체역학&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;을 살펴봅시다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/222D023F57092AB528&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Cint%20_%7B%20S%20%7D%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28t_%7B%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28n%20%7DdS+%5Cint%20_%7B%20%5Cforall%20%20%7D%20%5Crho%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28b%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28d%5Cforall%20%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%20d%20%7D%7B%20dt%20%7D%20%5Cint%20_%7B%20%5Cforall%20%20%7D%20%5Crho%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22true%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28v%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28D%5Cforall%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;291&quot; height=&quot;58&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;유체역학에서는 &lt;i&gt;m&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;항을 0로 두는 것 없이 위의 식을 그대로 풀게 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그런데 유체역학에서는 위의 응력이 아래와 같이 변형률(strain rate)의 구성방정식으로 표현됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/25175A4E57092C201B&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%uC751%uB825%3D%uC810%uC131%uACC4%uC218%5Ctimes%20%uBCC0%uD615%uB960%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;193&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 식의 가장 간단한 형태로 아래와 같은 유명한 식이 있죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/255A494B57092C4C28&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Ctau%20%3D%5Cmu%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20dv%20%7D%7B%20dy%20%7D%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;86&quot; height=&quot;58&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위 식에서 알 수 있듯이 , 변형률(d&lt;i&gt;v&lt;/i&gt;/d&lt;i&gt;y&lt;/i&gt;)은 속도의 &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/Gradient&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;구배(gradient)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;즉, 운동방정식에서 응력이 결국 속도의 함수가 되는 것입니다.&lt;br /&gt;이 운동방정식이 속도의 함수로 잘 표현한 것을 &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/FluidVelocity&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;Navier-Stokes equation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;이라고 합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;유체역학에서는 유체의 속도를 계산하는 것이 가장 중요하기에&lt;br /&gt;운동방정식이 속도를 계산할 수 있는 형태를 갖춰야 하기 때문이죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>Study/General mechanics</category>
      <category>constitutive equation</category>
      <category>Continuum</category>
      <category>Continuum mechanics</category>
      <category>Navier-Stokes Equation</category>
      <category>strain</category>
      <category>Young's modulus</category>
      <category>구성방정식</category>
      <category>변형률</category>
      <category>연속체</category>
      <category>연속체 역학</category>
      <category>영률</category>
      <category>탄성계수</category>
      <author>성돌</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://sdolnote.tistory.com/140</guid>
      <comments>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/ContinuumMechanics#entry140comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Sun, 10 Apr 2016 01:29:09 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>유체역학에서 압력(pressure)과 응력(stress)에 관한 개념적인 &amp;amp; 수식적인 이해</title>
      <link>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/PressureStress</link>
      <description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 3px solid; height: 7px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;압력(pressure)과 응력(stress&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;)에 대해서 비교하면서 설명을 해보도록 하죠.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;우선, &lt;b&gt;'물질 내부의 압력'이라는 용어 자체가 유체역학에서 등장한다는 점&lt;/b&gt;을 상기합시다.&lt;br /&gt;고체역학에서는 보통&amp;nbsp;응력이라는 용어만을 사용하죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;결론부터 말하자면,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;응력이 보다 상위의 개념이고, 압력은 응력의 한 부분&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;유체역학에서 압력이라는 개념이 등장하게 되고 중요한&amp;nbsp;것은&lt;br /&gt;이 &lt;b&gt;압력의 구배(gradient)가&amp;nbsp;유체를 가속시키는 물리량&lt;/b&gt;이기 때문입니다 (&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/FluidVelocity&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;링크&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt; 참고).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;응력에 대해서는 &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/StressTensor&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;다른 포스팅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;을 참고해주세요.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이 포스팅에 설명한 바와 같이 응력은 텐서량입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;이 텐서량인 응력의 어떤 부분이 압력인지 살펴보도록 하죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;우선, 응력이 무엇인지에 대해서 다시 한번 정확하게 집고가죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;응력&lt;/b&gt;은 쉽게 말해서 단위 면적 당 힘입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;제가 좋아하는 표현은 &lt;b&gt;measure of force intensity&lt;/b&gt;란&amp;nbsp;표현입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;외부에서 가해진 힘은&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;그게 고체든 유체든&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;물체 내부에 분포하게 되는데,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;이렇게 분포된 단위 면적 당 힘을 응력이라고 합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;유체역학에서 이 응력은 &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;물리적인 의미에 따라&lt;/span&gt; 아래와 같이&lt;br /&gt;압력과 점성응력으로 아래와 같이 나누어질 수 있습니다.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 500px; width: 500px; height: 195px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/274B47505706D5DF29&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F274B47505706D5DF29&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;195&quot; filename=&quot;Screenshot.png&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 500px; height: 195px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;압력은 무조건 압축된 값을 기준&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;으로 하고 있기 때문에,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;음수의 값인 압축응력값이 압력에서 양수값입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;따라서 응력과 부호가 반대이기에, 마이너스 부호를 압력에 붙여준 것입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 위의 &lt;b&gt;응력 텐서는 아래와 같이 나비어-스톡스 방정식&lt;/b&gt;에서 나타나게 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 401px; width: 401px; height: 76px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2601D350570705B231&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F2601D350570705B231&quot; width=&quot;401&quot; height=&quot;76&quot; filename=&quot;Capture.PNG&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 401px; height: 76px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;점성응력이란 점성에 의해 발생하는&amp;nbsp;유체입자간에 발생하는 마찰력&lt;/b&gt;이라고 이해하시면 될 것 같습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;물리적 원인에 의해서 응력은&lt;br /&gt;물질의 탄성력에 의한 탄성 응력(elastic stress)과&lt;br /&gt;점성에 의한 점성 응력(viscous stress)로 다시 나뉠 수 있어요.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;고체의 경우 고체의 종류에 따라서 탄성 응력과 점성 응력을 모두 가질 수 있지만,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;유체의 경우에는 일반적으로&amp;nbsp;탄성 응력이 없고 점성 응력만을&lt;/b&gt; 가지게 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;추가적으로 말씀드리자면,&lt;br /&gt;위의 행렬식은 아래와 같이&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/TensorOperation&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; class=&quot;tx-link&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;indicial notation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;에 의해 compact form으로 나타내질 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/22049D445706F9CB27&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28T_%7B%20ij%20%7D%3D-p%5Cdelta%20_%7B%20ij%20%7D+%5Ctau%20_%7B%20ij%20%7D%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; width=&quot;115&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;display:block; border: black 0 none; border-top: black 1px solid; height: 1px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위의 행렬식은 움직이는 유체에 대한 것이고,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;정지하고 있는 유체의 경우에는 점성응력이 모두 0&lt;/b&gt;이 되므로&lt;br /&gt;아래와 같이 더 단순하게 식이 나타내질 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 300px; width: 300px; height: 180px;; height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/2346833D5706FCD626&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Ft1.daumcdn.net%2Fcfile%2Ftistory%2F2346833D5706FCD626&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; filename=&quot;Screenshot from 2016-04-07 20:33:51.png&quot; filemime=&quot;image/jpeg&quot; style=&quot;width: 300px; height: 180px;&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;위 식은 당연히 T&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;=T&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt;=T&lt;sub&gt;33&lt;/sub&gt;임을 포함하고 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 이렇게 정지하고 있을 때의 유체의 압력을 정수압(hydrostatic pressure)이라고 합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 720.719px; height: 15px; background: url(&amp;quot;//i1.daumcdn.net/deco/contents/horizontalrule/line03.gif?v=2&amp;quot;) 0% 50% repeat-x scroll;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px none black; left: -9999px; position: relative; top: -9999px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;마지막으로 한 가지 더 중요한 차이는 방향성에 대한 것인데...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;압력은 앞서 행렬에서 보여졌던 것처럼 표면에 수직방향 성분만을 가르킵니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;반면 응력의 경우에는 수직방향(normal) 뿐 아니라 수평방향(shear) 역시 가질 수가 있어요.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: url(//i1.daumcdn.net/deco/contents/horizontalrule/line03.gif?v=2) repeat-x scroll left;  width: 99%; height: 15px&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;border: black 0 none; left: -9999px; position: relative; top: -9999px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>Study/Fluid mechanics</category>
      <category>pressure</category>
      <category>stress</category>
      <category>viscous stress</category>
      <category>고체역학</category>
      <category>압력</category>
      <category>유체역학</category>
      <category>응력</category>
      <category>점성응력</category>
      <category>점성응력텐서</category>
      <category>차이</category>
      <author>성돌</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://sdolnote.tistory.com/65</guid>
      <comments>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/PressureStress#entry65comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Fri, 8 Apr 2016 09:48:53 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>유체에서 점성 응력 텐서란? (viscous stress tensor)</title>
      <link>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/ViscousStressTensor</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border-color: black; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 3px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: solid none; height: 7px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;역학에서 응력 텐서(stress tensor)를 이해하는 것은 아주 중요한 개념적 기초&lt;/b&gt;입니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이에 대해, 제대로 된 이해가 없이 역학을 한다면,&lt;br /&gt;아무래도 역학에 대해 깊이 있는 이해를 가지기가 어렵습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그건, 유체역학에서도 마찬가지 입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;tx-link&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/PressureStress&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;이전 포스팅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;에서, 압력과 응력의 차이를 설명했었는데&lt;br /&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#6600ff&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;이 포스팅에서는 이를 조금 더 보완하는 설명들을 해보도록 하겠습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;우리가 빈번하게 다루는 비압축성 유체의 경우 변형이 없으니,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;비압축성 유체의 응력은 변형율에 의해서만 주어진다고 할 수 있습니다&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 변형에 관련된 응력이 탄성응력이고&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;변형율에 관련된 응력이 점성응력&lt;/b&gt;이기에,&lt;br /&gt;우리는 유체역학에서 점성응력만 다루는 것입니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: url(//i1.daumcdn.net/deco/contents/horizontalrule/line03.gif?v=2) repeat-x scroll left;  width: 99%; height: 15px&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;border: black 0 none; left: -9999px; position: relative; top: -9999px&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;부피가 변하지 않는 비압축성 뉴튼 유체의 경우&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;점성 응력 텐서(viscous stress tensor)&lt;/b&gt;는 아래와 같이 표현됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/23451F4F55A1762E1E&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Ctilde%20%7B%20%5Ctau%20%20%7D%20%3D%5Cmu%20%5Cleft%28%20%5Cnabla%20%5Cunderline%20%7B%20u%20%7D%20+%5Cnabla%20%5Cunderline%20%7B%20u%20%7D%20%5E%7B%20T%20%7D%20%5Cright%29%20%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%20%5C%3A%20%5C%3B%20%5C%3A%20%5C%3A%20%3D%5Cmu%20%5Cleft%28%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%20i%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20j%20%7D%20%7D%20+%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%20j%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%20i%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%5Cright%29%20%5C%5C%20%5C%5C%20%5C%3A%20%5C%3B%20%5C%3A%20%5C%3A%20%3D%5Cmu%20%5Cleft%5B%20%5Cbegin%7B%20matrix%20%7D%202%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%26amp%3B%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%20+%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%26amp%3B%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%20+%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%5C%5C%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%20+%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%26amp%3B%202%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%26amp%3B%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%20+%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%5C%5C%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%20+%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%26amp%3B%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%20+%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%26amp%3B%202%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%5Cend%7B%20matrix%20%7D%20%5Cright%5D%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; width=&quot;448&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center; clear: none; float: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;&quot;&gt;첫번째 줄은 점성응력텐서를 벡터 형식으로 표현한 것이고,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;&quot;&gt;두번째 줄은 첨자 표기법(indicial notation)으로 표현한 것이고,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;&quot;&gt;세번째 줄은 모든 항을 풀어서 행렬 형태로 나타낸 겁니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;&quot;&gt;개인적으로 첨자 표기법이 가장 물리적 의미를 알아보기 쉬운 형태라 생각하고 있습니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;뉴튼 유체라는 조건은 그냥 점성계수 μ가 변형률의 함수가 아니라는 것이예요.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;압축성 유체의 경우에는 아래와 같이&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;λ가 포함된 항을 대각원소들에 각각 더해주면 됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;이는&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;부피가 변함에 따라 작용하는 점성 응력&lt;/b&gt;을 나타냅니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;txc-formula&quot; src=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/212A2E3955A1831006&quot; historydata=&quot;%3Cflashrichtext%20version%3D%221%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Ctextformat%20font%3D%22Dotum%22%20size%3D%2216%22%20color%3D%222236962%22%20bold%3D%22false%22%20italic%3D%22false%22%20underline%3D%22false%22%20url%3D%22%22%20target%3D%22transparent%22%20align%3D%22left%22%20leftMargin%3D%2225%22%20rightMargin%3D%2225%22%20indent%3D%220%22%20leading%3D%220%22%20blockIndent%3D%220%22%20kerning%3D%22true%22%20letterSpacing%3D%220%22%20display%3D%22block%22%3E%28%5Clambda%20%5Cleft%28%20%5Cnabla%20%5Ccdot%20%5Cunderline%20%7B%20u%20%7D%20%20%5Cright%29%20%3D%5Clambda%20%5Cleft%28%20%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%201%20%7D%20%7D%20+%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%202%20%7D%20%7D%20+%5Cfrac%20%7B%20%5Cpartial%20u_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%7B%20%5Cpartial%20x_%7B%203%20%7D%20%7D%20%20%5Cright%29%20%29%3C/textformat%3E%0A%3C/flashrichtext%3E%2C%0A14%2C%0A0xFFFFFF&quot; height=&quot;62&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;부피가 안 변하는 비압축성의 경우,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;∇&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot; data-hveid=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot; data-hveid=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot; data-hveid=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;이 0이기에 부피 변화의 점성응력이 0이 된다는 점을 확인할 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;λ를 조금 더 자세히 설명하자면 부피가 증가하면서 발생하는 응력에 대한 비례상수로써&lt;br /&gt;유체역학의 경우 bulk viscosity라 불립니다&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a class=&quot;tx-link&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/ViscousDissipation&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(9, 0, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;다른 포스팅&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;참고).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;한 가지 더, 설명을 추가하자면 점성 응력 텐서의 모든 값들이 속도에 의한 함수이기에&lt;br /&gt;속도가 없을 때는 점성 응력도 존재하지 않는다는 점도 기억해두시길 바랍니다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr style=&quot;border-color: black; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 3px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: solid none; height: 7px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; line-height: 24px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;참고) Papanastasiou, Tasos, Georgios Georgiou, and Andreas N. Alexandrou. Viscous fluid flow. CRC Press, 1999.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>Study/Fluid mechanics</category>
      <category>viscous stress tensor</category>
      <category>응력</category>
      <category>점성</category>
      <category>점성 응력 텐서</category>
      <category>텐서</category>
      <author>성돌</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://sdolnote.tistory.com/139</guid>
      <comments>https://sdolnote.tistory.com/entry/ViscousStressTensor#entry139comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Fri, 8 Apr 2016 09:48:31 +0900</pubDate>
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